Efecto de la suplementación del zinc sobre el peso fetal en ratas diabéticas gestadas / Effect of zinc supplementation on fetal weight in pregnant diabetic rats

RESUMEN Introducción: La relación entre la deficiencia de Zn y la elevada incidencia de alteraciones en el crecimiento intrauterino en la diabetes materna aún no se ha dilucidado. En la literatura consultada no existen reportes del efecto de la suplementación con el micronutriente sobre el crecimiento fetal en modelos de diabetes con hiperglucemias moderadas. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto sobre el peso fetal de la suplementación con zinc a ratas con diabetes moderada durante la gestación. Métodos: Se utilizó un modelo de diabetes moderada inducida en ratas Wistar al segundo día de nacidas por inducción subcutánea con estreptozotocina (100mg/kg-pc). En la adultez las ratas sanas y diabéticas fueron apareadas con machos sanos. Según correspondiera recibieron durante 20 días de gestación un suplemento de sulfato de zinc (50mg/kg). Se estudiaron 395 fetos de cuatro grupos: fetos de ratas sanas sin suplemento, de ratas sanas suplementadas, de ratas diabéticas sin suplemento y de ratas diabéticas suplementadas. Los fetos se clasificaron en pequeños (PEG), adecuados (AEG) y grandes (GEG) para la edad gestacional. Resultados: La descendencia de las ratas diabéticas suplementadas mostró valores del peso fetal similares a ambos grupos sanos al término de la gestación, presentando menor porcentaje de fetos PEG y GEG, así como mayor porcentaje de AEG respecto al grupo diabético no suplementado. Conclusiones: La suplementación con Zn durante la gestación a ratas diabéticas con hiperglucemias moderadas causó efectos positivos sobre su descendencia al aumentar el porcentaje de fetos con peso adecuado.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the relationship between Zn deficiency and the high incidence of abnormal intrauterine growth in maternal diabetes has not yet been elucidated. There are no reports in the consulted literature of the effect of micronutrient supplementation on fetal growth in models of diabetes with moderate hyperglycemia. Objective: to determine the effect of zinc supplementation on fetal weight in rats with moderate diabetes during pregnancy. Methods: a model of mild diabetes was used in Wistar rats on the second day of birth by subcutaneous streptozotocin induction (100mg/kg-bw). As adults, healthy and diabetic rats were mated with healthy males. As appropriate, they received a zinc sulfate supplement (50mg/kg) during 20 days of gestation. A number of 395 fetuses from four groups were studied: fetuses from healthy rats without supplementation, from healthy rats supplemented, from diabetic rats without supplementation and from diabetic rats supplemented. Fetuses were classified as small (SGA), adequate (AGA), and large (LGA) for gestational age. Results: the offspring of the supplemented diabetic rats showed similar fetal weight values to both healthy groups at the end of pregnancy, having a lower percentage of SGA and LGA fetuses, as well as a higher percentage of AGA compared to the non-supplemented diabetic group. Conclusions: Zn supplementation during pregnancy in diabetic rats with moderate hyperglycemia had positive effects on their offspring by increasing the percentage of fetuses with adequate weight.

Deficiencia de cinc en mujeres en edad reproductiva, La Habana, Cuba / Zinc deficiency in childbearing-aged women, Havana, Cuba

Introducción: La deficiencia de cinc se considera un problema de salud global. Existe escasa información sobre el estado nutricional del cinc en mujeres cubanas en edad reproductiva. Objetivo: Identificar deficiencia de cinc y cobre sérico en mujeres en edad reproductiva, según factores relacionados, como la anemia, inflamación, exceso de peso y adiposidad abdominal. Métodos: Se estudiaron 104 mujeres de 18 a 40 años de edad, de La Habana, aparentemente sanas. Se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo. Se realizó la determinación de cinc, cobre, hemoglobina, ferritina, proteína C reactiva, alfa 1 glicoproteína, peso, talla y circunferencia mínima de la cintura, se calculó el índice de masa corporal. Se utilizaron puntos de corte internacionales para la evaluación. Resultados: La prevalencia de deficiencia de hierro, estimada por ferritina sérica, cinc y cobre sérico fueron 66,3 por ciento (67/102), 36,2 por ciento (34/94) y 19,1 por ciento (18/94), respectivamente. De las mujeres 23,5 por ciento (24/102) tenían anemia e inflamación 8,8 por ciento (9/102) y 13 por ciento (13/102) estimada por CRP y AGP. Predominaron mujeres con exceso de peso 52,9 por ciento (54/102) y adiposidad abdominal 61,8 por ciento (60/97). Conclusiones: El riesgo de deficiencia de cinc en la muestra es elevado, la prevalencia del Zn sérico disminuido supera el 20 por ciento. No existe criterio para evaluar el riesgo de deficiencia de cobre como problema de salud pública. Las deficiencias de cinc y cobre no parecen estar asociadas a la anemia, la inflamación y el estado nutricional general. Se requiere realizar pesquisas adicionales para identificar la magnitud de las deficiencias de cinc y cobre y sus posibles causas(AU)

Introduction: Zinc deficiency is considered a global health problem. There is scarce information on zinc's nutritional state in Cuban childbearing-aged women. Objective: Identify zinc and serum copper deficiency in childbearing-aged women, based on related factors, such as anemia, inflammation, excess weight and abdominal adiposity. Methods: 104 seemingly healthy women from Havana, aged 18 to 40 were studied. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. The determination of zinc, copper, hemoglobin, ferritin, C-reactive protein, alpha 1 glycoprotein, weight, size and minimum waist circumference was made, and the body mass index was calculated. International breakpoints were used for evaluation. Results: The prevalence of iron deficiency, estimated by serum ferritin, zinc and serum copper was 66.3 percent (67/101), 36.2 percent (34/94) and 19.1 percent (18/94), respectively. Of women, 23.5 percent (24/102) had anemia, and 8.8 percent had inflammation (9/102) and 13 percent (13/100) estimated by CRP and AGP. Women with overweight 52.9 percent (54/102) and abdominal adiposity 61.8% (60/97) predominated. Conclusions: The risk of zinc deficiency in the sample is high, the prevalence of decreased serum Zn exceeds 20 percent. There is no criterion for assessing the risk of copper deficiency as a public health problem. Zinc and copper deficiencies do not appear to be associated with anemia, inflammation and overall nutritional status. Additional tests are required to identify the magnitude of zinc and copper deficiencies and their possible causes(AU)

Vitamin E deficiency and associated factors among Brazilian school children / Deficiência de vitamina E e fatores associados entre crianças escolares brasileiras

ABSTRACT: Objective: Brazilian national data show a significant deficiency in pediatric vitamin E consumption, but there are very few studies evaluating laboratory-proven nutritional deficiency. The present study aimed to settle the prevalence of vitamin E deficiency (VED) and factors associated among school-aged children attended at a primary health unit in Ribeirão Preto (SP). Methods: A cross-sectional study that included 94 children between 6 and 11 years old. All sub-jects were submitted to vitamin E status analysis. To investigate the presence of factors associated with VED, socio-economic and anthropometric evaluation, determination of serum hemoglobin and zinc levels, and parasitological stool exam were performed. The associations were performed using Fisher's exact test. Results: VED (α-tocopherol concentrations <7 µmol/L) was observed in seven subjects (7.4%). None of them had zinc deficiency. Of the total of children, three (3.2%) were malnourished, 12 (12.7%) were anemic, and 11 (13.5%) presented some pathogenic intestinal parasite. These possible risk factors, in addition to maternal-work, maternal educational level, and monthly income, were not associated with VED. Conclusions: The prevalence of VED among school-aged children attended at a primary health unit was low. Zinc deficiency, malnutrition, anemia, pathogenic intestinal parasite, maternal-work, maternal educational level, and monthly income were not a risk factor for VED. (AU)

RESUMO: Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência da deficiência de vitamina E (DVE) e os fatores associados a essa deficiência em escolares atendidos em uma unidade básica de saúde de Ribeirão Preto (SP). Métodos: Estudo transversal que incluiu 94 crianças entre 6 e 11 anos de idade, atendidas em uma unidade básica de saúde. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos à análise do status de vitamina E. Para investigar a presença de fatores associados à DVE, foi realizada avaliação socio-econômica e antropométrica, determinação dos níveis séricos de hemoglobina e zinco, e exame parasitológico de fezes. As associações foram realizadas por meio do teste exato de Fisher. Resultados: A DVE (concentrações de α-tocoferol <7 µmol/l) foi observada em sete indivíduos (7,4%). Nenhum sujeito apresentou deficiência sérica de zinco. Do total de crianças, três (3,2%) eram desnutridas, 12 (12,7%) anêmicas e 11 (13,5%) apresentavam algum parasita intestinal patogênico. Estes possíveis fatores de risco, além do trabalho materno, escolaridade materna e renda mensal, não foram associados à DVE (p>0,05). Conclusão: A prevalência de DVE em escolares atendidos em uma unidade básica de saúde foi baixa. Desnutrição, anemia, parasitose intestinal, renda mensal e trabalho e nível educacional maternos não se apre-sentaram como fatores de risco para a DVE. (AU)

Zinc sérico en escolares / Serum Zinc in school children

Introducción: La primera infancia es una etapa fundamental en el desarrollo y crecimiento del ser humano, época donde el cerebro se desarrolla a la máxima velocidad. La alimentación, uno de los principales condicionantes del desarrollo y las deficiencias de micronutrientes, entre otros, son responsables de daños funcionales. Objetivo: Determinar la concentración de zinc sérico en escolares y comparar resultados con estudios en la misma población de países latinos. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo y comparativo en 116 niños escolares entre 7 a 12 años de edad, de la escuela básica primaria, del Municipio Maracaibo, Estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se realizó evaluación antropométrica, clínica y bioquímica. Resultados: Mayor frecuencia de niñas (52,6 por ciento) edad promedio de 8 años y 9 meses y de 8 años y 5 meses para los niños; peso promedio de 25,21 kg y talla de 124,49 cm para las niñas, y peso promedio 25,07 kg y talla de 125,75 cm para los niños. Se encontró una concentración promedio de zinc en los niños de 0,49 µg/mL, y en las niñas de 0,50 µg/mL. La mayoría de los resultados de cuatro países latinos revelaron que el promedio de zinc sérico estuvo entre 0,32 y 95,2 µg/dL. Conclusión: Los niños mostraron concentraciones de zinc séricos por debajo de los valores promedios establecidos. Es necesario implementar estrategias alimentarias para mejorar el estado nutricional del zinc en las poblaciones pediátricas en países de Latinoamérica(AU)

Introduction: Early childhood is a crucial stage in the growth and development of the human being; it is the time where the brain develops at maximum speed. Feeding, one of the main determining factors of development and micronutrient deficiencies, among others, are responsible for functional damage. Objective: To determine the concentration of serum zinc in school children and to compare results with studies in the same population of different Latin American countries. Methods: Prospective descriptive and comparative study in 116 school children between 7 to 12 years old of the Basic Primary school in Maracaibo Municipality, Zulia State, Venezuela. Anthropometric clinical and biochemical assessment was performed. Results: Higher frequency in girls (52.6 percent) of average age 8 years and 9 months, and 8 years and 5 months for boys; average weight of 25.21 kg and height of 124.49 cm for girls, and average weight of 25.07 kg and height of 125.75 cm for boys. It was found an average concentration of zinc of 0.49 µg/mL in boys, and of 0.50 µg/mL in girls. Most of the results of four Latin American countries revealed that the average serum zinc was between 0.32 and 95.2 µg/dL. Conclusion: Children showed serum zinc concentrations below the mean values set. It is necessary to implement food strategies to improve the nutritional status of zinc in pediatric populations of Latin American countries(AU)

Prevalencia de ingesta inadecuada de micronutrientes en la población urbana de Costa Rica / Micronutrients inadequacy in urban population of Costa Rica

La inadecuación de micronutrientes es frecuente en los países en vías de desarrollo. En Costa Rica existe poca información acerca de la ingesta de micronutrientes y del impacto de los programas de fortificación obligatoria de alimentos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la ingesta de vitaminas y minerales y el aporte de la fortificación de alimentos a la ingesta total de micronutrientes en la población urbana costarricense. Se analizó el consumo de alimentos en una muestra de la población urbana costarricense, participantes del Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud (ELANS). El riesgo de ingesta inadecuada se estimó según sexo y grupo de edad, utilizando el método de punto de corte del Requerimiento Medio Estimado (EAR). Para el hierro, se utilizó el método de aproximación probabilística. Más del 85% de la muestra presentó riesgo de ingesta inadecuada para vitamina E, calcio y vitamina D. Una menor prevalencia de riesgo de ingesta inadecuada se presentó para la niacina, tiamina, folatos, hierro y selenio. La fortificación de alimentos tiene un efecto notorio en la ingesta de micronutrientes, especialmente de hierro, niacina, tiamina y folatos. La ingesta de calcio, vitamina D y vitamina E es preocupantemente inadecuada, siendo las mujeres y las personas mayores de 50 años los grupos más afectados. Resulta fundamental el establecimiento de programas y políticas públicas para asegurar el cumplimiento del requerimiento establecido para los diferentes micronutrientes(AU)

Micronutrient deficiencies are still very common in developing countries. In Costa Rica there is little information on micronutrients intake and the impact of food fortification.This study aimed to determine the contribution of food fortification to the total intake, and to estimate the risk of inadequate intake of vitamins and minerals in an urban Costa Rican population. As a part of the Latin American Nutrition and Health Study, we analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of 798 urban residents from Costa Rica (15-65 years old) whom provided two 24-h dietary recalls. The prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intake was estimated according to the EAR cut-point method. Iron was analyze using the probability approach. We observed a 100% of the sample are at risk of inadequate intake of vitamin D, and similar percentages were obtained for calcium and vitamin E, ranging from 92.9 to 100% and 85.5 to 99.2% respectively. A lower risk of inadequate intake was observed for niacin, thiamin, folate, iron and selenium. Food fortificationmakes an important contribution to folate, thiamin, iron and niacin intake. Despite the efforts that have been made to ensure adequate micronutrient intake in Costa Rica, the intake of calcium, vitamin D and vitamin E is still very low, especially among women and people over 50 are the most affected. Based on the above, it is recommended to promote a healthy diet through nutritional education as part of public health policies, in order to facilitates compliance to nutritional requirement(AU)

La deficiencia de zinc: un problema global que afecta la salud y el desarrollo cognitivo / Zinc deficiency: a global problem that affect the health and cognitive development

La deficiencia de zinc afecta aproximadamente un tercio de la población mundial, principalmente en los países en vía de desarrollo, en las áreas rurales y en las comunidades más pobres, donde constituye un importante factor de riesgo asociado a enfermedad. En este trabajo se realiza una revisión de los avances científicos que han permitido conocer el papel fundamental del zinc en el control de la neurogénesis, el funcionamiento del cerebro y el desarrollo cognitivo. Con el fin de generar en los profesionales de salud, interés por la investigación de los efectos de la deficiencia de zinc en el desarrollo neurológico y cognitivo y su impacto negativo en el desarrollo cultural, social y económico de los pueblos(AU)

The zinc deficiency affects approximately a third of the world population, principally in the developing countries, the rural areas and in the poorest communities, where this micronutrient deficiency is one of the most prevalent risk factor for nutrientrelated diseases. This paper compiles scientific advances about the key role of the essential trace element zinc in the neurogenesis control, brain function and cognitive development. The aim of this work is to generate in health professionals, interest about the zinc deficiency effects in neuro-intellectual development and its negative impact in the cultural, economic and social development of the countries(AU)

Alimentos fonte de zinco consumidos por gestantes atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde / Food source of zinc consumed by pregnant women in basic health units

O presente estudo visou identificar os alimentos fonte de zinco consumidos por gestantes atendidas em unidades básicas de saúde de Caxias, Maranhão. Tratou-se de um estudo quantitativo de abordagem transversal, realizado em Unidades de Atenção Básica de Saúde de Caxias, tendo como referência a população de gestantes assistidas nas consultas pré-natais. Para a pesquisa foram selecionadas gestantes que eram atendidas pela equipe da Estratégia de Saúde da Família, no período de abril a junho de 2014. O estudo foi realizado com 68 gestantes, das quais, 52,9% (36) tinham de 19 a 26 anos e 47,1% (32) tinham de 27 a 35 anos, com média de idade de 27,8 anos. A análise do consumo do micronutriente zinco revelou que a prevalência desse consumo pelas gestantes está acima do recomendado.

Determinação de cobre e outros minerais em caprinos e ovinos criados no sertão do vale do rio São Francisco, Pernambuco / Determination of copper and other minerals in goats and sheep of the San Francisco river valley in Pernambuco, Brazil

Para a determinação dos teores de cobre e de seus antagonistas, foram utilizadas 160 amostras de soro e de fígados, de caprinos e ovinos enviados ao matadouro municipal de Petrolina. As amostras de fígado e soro foram correlacionadas para o mesmo animal, a fim de evitar erros na obtenção dos dados. No soro a atividade da ceruloplasmina foi determinada por método colorimétrico. Para a determinação dos minerais, as amostras foram diluídas de seis a vinte vezes com água Milli-Q. Para determinação das concentrações dos elementos minerais no fígado, as amostras foram digeridas até que se obtivesse uma solução que mantivesse os minerais da amostra inicial e que fosse totalmente liquida, sem a presença de partículas sólidas que pudessem obstruir os capilares de sucção do espectrômetro e assim impedir as leituras das amostras. As concentrações de cobre, molibdênio, ferro e zinco foram determinadas através de espectrometria óptica por emissão de plasma (ICP). Desta forma, foi conduzido o experimento objetivando determinar a ocorrência e distribuição da carência de cobre no território do sertão do vale do rio São Francisco em Pernambuco. Foi observado que não houve carência de cobre nesta região do estado de Pernambuco, quando se avaliou os níveis médios de cobre hepático,. Os níveis de zinco estavam dentro de um padrão de normalidade, enquanto que os níveis de ferro foram mais elevados em ovinos, e os níveis de molibdênio mais reduzidos em caprinos. Verificou-se também que a atividade de ceruloplasmina foi um indicador dos níveis séricos de cobre...

For the determination of copper concentration and its antagonists, 160 serum and liver samples were used, from goat and sheep sent to the municipal slaughterhouse of Petrolina. The samples were correlated with the same animal, in order to prevent errors in data collection. Serum ceruloplasmin activity was determined by colorimetric method. For determination of minerals, the samples were diluted six to twenty times with Milli-Q water. For determining concentrations of mineral elements in the liver, the samples were digested until achieving a solution that maintained the initial sample and minerals totally liquid, without the presence of solid particles which could clog the capillary suction of the spectrometer and prevent reading of samples. The concentrations of copper, molybdenum, iron and zinc were determined by optical emission spectrometry (ICP). Thus, the experiment was conducted to determine the occurrence and distribution of copper deficiency in the San Francisco valley of Pernambuco. No copper deficiency was revealed in this region of the state of Pernambuco, when the mean levels of hepatic copper were evaluated. Zinc levels were within a normal range, whereas iron levels were higher in sheep, and lower levels of molybdenum in goats. It was also found that the activity of ceruloplasmin was an indicator of serum copper...

Impacto de cursos cortos de suplementación con zinc en la morbilidad asociada a la diarrea en niños del distrito de Carmen Alto. Ayacucho-Perú (2011-2013) / Impact of short courses of supplementation with zinc in the morbidity associated with diarrhea in children from the District of Carmen Alto. Ayacucho-Peru (2011-2013)

Antecedentes: La suplementación con Zinc durante un episodio de diarrea reduce la incidencia y la severidad de la misma. El estudio plantea comparar la incidencia de episodios subsecuentes de diarrea entre niños con diarrea aguda y deshidratación moderada que reciben cursos cortos de suplementación oral con Zinc adicional al SRO (Suero de Rehidratación Oral) y quienes reciben sólo el SRO de rutina. Métodos: Fueron reclutados todos los niños mayores de 30 días y menores de 5 años que fueron admitidos al Servicio de urgencias con diarrea aguda y deshidratación moderada en el Centro de Salud Carmen Alto de la Provincia de Huamanga (Ayacucho) - Perú en el 2011. Se indicó suplementación con Zinc en todos los casos. Después de la aplicación de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, los pacientes fueron aleatoriamente separados en dos grupos: un grupo que completó el tratamiento de suplementación con zinc adicional al SRO (Suero de Rehidratación Oral) y otro que no inició o no completó el tratamiento con Zinc y sólo recibió SRO. Todos los pacientes fueron rehidratados usando SRO y recibieron el SRO para reponer las pérdidas (10mL/kg después de cada deposición). Adicionalmente el grupo que tuvo el tratamiento completo, recibió la suplementación con zinc: los niños menores de 6 meses de edad, 1/2 tableta una vez al día durante 10/14 días, y los niños de 6 meses a más recibieron 1 tableta por día durante 10/14 días (Recomendación basada en tabletas de 20 mg). Un cuestionario detallado fue realizado por el personal de Enfermería capacitado del Centro de Salud para cada paciente, este contiene las características demográficas, estado de hidratación y nutrición, condición de higiene y salubridad. Se realizó una visita domiciliaria al cabo de un mes de haber recibido el tratamiento. Los resultados primarios (episodios de diarrea subsecuentes) y secundarios (episodios de infecciones respiratorias agudas, crecimiento y anemia) fueron comparados en ambos grupos. Resultados...

Background: Zinc supplementation during diarrhea substantially reduces the incidence and severity of diarrhea. To assess the therapeutic effects of oral zinc supplementation on acute watery diarrhea of children with moderate dehydration. Methods: All 1-month to 5-year-old children who were admitted with acute watery diarrhea and moderate dehydration to the Children Central Care of Carmen Alto, Ayacucho, Peru in 2011 were recruited. All patients were indicated of zinc supplementation. After the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the patients were randomly allocated to two groups: one group to complete zinc plus oral rehydration solution (ORS) and the other one to not complete zinc supplement and receive only ORS. All the patients were rehydrated using ORS and then receiving ORS for ongoing loss (10 ml/kg after every defecation). Additionally, the patients in the intervention group received zinc (1 mg/kg/day) for 10/14 days. A detailed questionnaire was filled daily for each patient by trained nurses; it contained required demographic characteristics, nutrition and hydration status, and disease progression. The primary outcome (frequency new episodes of diarrhea) and the secondary outcomes (frequency of tract respiratory infection, grown, anemia) were compared between the two groups. Results: Treatment of additional administration of Zinc induces significant changes in the subsequent reduction in episodes of acute diarrhea in children with diarrhea and moderate (McNemar test, with a p- value of 0.034, with a significance level of 0.05). While the average initial hemoglobin was 11.5 mg/dL (SD=1.9279), and the final average hemoglobin was 11.8 mg/dL (SD=1.9279), no significant difference in effect of zinc supplementation on hemoglobin found between the two groups (t-test - Student=0.460, P-value of 0.072, a=0.05). Regarding weight statistical association was demonstrated in the group receiving zinc supplementation, increasing the final weight of...

Niveles séricos bajos de zinc como factor asociado a episodio de convulsión febril simple en niños de 6 meses a 5 años atendidos en el Instituto de Salud del Niño, Lima Perú / Low serum levels of zinc as a factor associated with episode of simple febrile seizure in children of 6 months to 5 years attended at the Institute of child health, Lima Peru

Niveles séricos bajos de Zinc como factor asociado a episodio de convulsión febril simple en niños de 6 meses a 5 años atendidos en el Instituto de Salud del Niño, Lima-Perú. La convulsión febril es la forma más común de convulsiones en niños. Su patogénesis exacta no está completamente dilucidada, pero es multifactorial. El zinc modula la actividad de múltiples enzimas y de esta manera niveles bajos podrían activar ciertos receptores e inducir una descarga epiléptica en niños febriles. Sin embargo su relación con el desarrollo de convulsiones es aún poco estudiada. A pesar del su aparente buen pronóstico, las convulsiones febriles simples continúan siendo causa importante de ansiedad e incertidumbre. Objetivos: Determinar si existe asociación entre los niveles séricos bajos de zinc y la presencia de un episodio de convulsión febril simple entre los niños de 6 meses a 5 años que ingresan por emergencia del Instituto de Salud del Niño. Metodología: Estudio observacional, analítico, caso control. La unidad de análisis fueron pacientes entre 6 meses y 5 años que se atendieron en el INSN durante Julio 2013 a Junio 2014 con diagnóstico de convulsión febril simple. El muestreo fue no probabilístico de voluntarios, obteniendo un total de 57 casos y 103 controles. Se analizó antecedente de prematuridad, duración de lactancia materna, historia familiar de convulsión febril y de epilepsia, cuidado en guarderías y dosaje sérico bajo de zinc. Se usó el Chi cuadrado y se obtuvo OR respectivos. Los antecedentes útiles fueron evaluados usando regresión logística múltiple. Se consideró un nivel de confianza del 95 por ciento con un valor de p<0.05. Resultados: Se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la duración Lactancia Materna exclusiva y niveles séricos bajos de zinc. Utilizando la regresión logística múltiple se encontró que la Lactancia Materna Exclusiva otorga 0.34 veces menos riesgo de convulsionar con fiebre y que tener niveles séricos bajos de...

Low serum zinc levels as an associate factor to episode of simple febrile seizure in children 6 months to 5 years old treated at the Institute of Child Health, Lima Peru. Febrile seizure is the most common form of seizures in children. Its exact pathogenesis is not fully elucidated, but is multifactorial. Zinc modulates the activity of multiple enzymes and thus low levels may activate certain receptors and induce an epileptic discharge in febrile children. But their relationship with the development of seizures is still poorly studied. Despite his apparent good prognosis, simple febrile seizures remain a major cause of anxiety and uncertainty. Objectives: To determine the association between low serum zinc levels and the presence of an episode of simple febrile seizure among children 6 months to 5 years old admitted for emergency Institute of Child Health. Methods: An observational, analytical, case control study. The unit of analysis was patient between 6 months and 5 years who was treated at the INSN during July 2013 to June 2014 with a diagnosis of simple febrile seizure. The non-probability sampling was voluntary, obtaining a total of 57 cases and 103 controls. I analyzed antecedent prematurity, duration of breastfeeding, family history of febrile seizures and epilepsy, daycare and low serum zinc dosage. Chi square was used and obtained respective OR. Useful background were evaluated using multiple logistic regression. A confidence level of 95 per cent was considered with a P value <0.05. Results: Statistically significant difference was found in exclusive breastfeeding duration and low serum zinc. Using multiple logistic regression analysis found that exclusive breastfeeding gives 0.34 times less risk of convulsions with fever and have low serum zinc gave you 3 times more risk of convulsions with fever...

Avaliação de desempenho das concentrações capilares de zinco como método diagnóstico da deficiência de zinco: um estudo comparativo com as concentrações séricas de zinco / Performance evaluation of hair zinc levels as a diagnostic method of zinc deficiency: a comparative study with serum zinc

OBJETIVO: Examinar o poder diagnóstico de deficiência de zinco das concentrações capilares desse mineral por meio da comparação com as concentrações séricas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal desenvolvido com 170 crianças na faixa etária dos 12 aos 72 meses. A análise da Curva Característica de Operação do Receptor foi utilizada para identificar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do melhor ponto de corte para o diagnóstico da deficiência de zinco no cabelo. Verificou-se ainda a significância estatística da área sob a curva. RESULTADOS:O ponto de corte apontado como ótimo para o zinco no cabelo foi de 292,52ppm (sensibilidade de 55,6% e especificidade de 60,8%), com uma área sob a curva de 0,549, sem significância estatística. CONCLUSÃO: O diagnóstico da deficiência de zinco pelas concentrações capilares desse elemento, em comparação às concentrações séricas de zinco, mostra baixa sensibilidade e ponto de corte ideal superior ao sugerido. Permanece, ainda, a necessidade de novos estudos que possibilitem a obtenção de indicadores bioquímicos mais sensíveis e específicos para o diagnóstico da deficiência de zinco na população, sob tudo sem importantes limitações técnicas...

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the power of hair zinc concentration to diagnose zinc deficiency by comparing hair zinc concentration with serum zinc level. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 170 children aged 12 to 72 months. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used for determining the sensitivity and specificity of the best cutoff point for diagnosing zinc deficiency in hair. The statistical significance of the area under the curve was also verified. RESULTS: The best cutoff for zinc concentration in hair was 292.52ppm (sensitivity of 55.6%, a specificity of 60.8%), with an area under the curve of 0.549, without statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis of zinc deficiency based on hair zinc concentration compared with serum zinc level has low sensitivity and its ideal cutoff is higher than the suggested cutoff. New studies are needed to research more sensitive and specific biochemical indicators of zinc deficiency, especially indicators without important technical limitations...

Deficiencia de oligoelementos durante el primer trimestre del embarazo en maracaibo, venezuela / Deficiencies of trace elements during the first trimester of pregnancy at maracaibo, venezuela

Las deficiencias de oligoelementos es un importante problema de salud pública, que pone en riesgo principalmente a las embarazadas y a sus productos; por tanto se propuso determinar las concentraciones séricas de Hierro (Fe), Zinc (Zn) y Cobre (Cu) durante el primer trimestre del embarazo e identificar las patologías asociadas con su deficiencia durante el primer trimestre del embarazo, en embarazadas que acudían a la consulta prenatal de la Maternidad Dr. Armando Castillo Plaza del Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, Venezuela durante el año 2012. Investigación fue de tipo descriptiva y aplicada; con un diseño de tipo no experimental y prospectivo, que incluyo una muestra no probabilística e intencionada de 70 mujeres en el primer trimestre del embarazo, a las cuales se les determinaron las concentraciones séricas de Fe, Zn y Cu. Se encontró que la edad promedio fue de 20,5± 6 años; 42,85% eran adolescentes y 57,15% adultas. Se determinó una media de FE, Zn y Cu de 40,04 ± 1,212 μg/dL, 0,566 ± 0,130 μg/mL y 1,326 ± 0,878 μg/mL, respectivamente; siendo las concentraciones de Fe y Zn más bajos en las adolescentes (< 0,001). Asimismo, se demostró que el 67%, 57% y 14% de estas embarazadas presentaban deficiencia de Fe, Zn y Cu, respectivamente; sin diferencias significativas entre adolescentes o adultas (p >0,05). Se concluye que existe una alta prevalencia de deficiencias de oligoelementos (Zn, Cu y Fe) en gestantes sin patologías asociadas y aparentemente sanas al inicio de su embarazo(AU)

Deficiencies of trace elements is an important public health problem that threatens mainly pregnant women and their products; we propose to determine serum iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) during the first trimester of pregnancy and identify the pathologies associated with a deficiency during the first trimester of pregnancy in pregnant women attending antenatal care at Maternity Dr. Armando Castillo Plaza, University Hospital of Maracaibo, Venezuela during 2012. A descriptive and applied type research, with a non-experimental and prospective design, which includes a non-probabilistic intentional sample of 70 women during the first trimester of pregnancy, which were measured in serum Fe, Zn and Cu. We found that the age mean was 20,5± 6 years; in terms of the concentrations of these trace elements was determined an average of Fe, Zn and Cu of 40,04 ± 1,212 μg/dL, 0,566 ± 0,130 μg/mL and 1,326 ± 0,878μg/mL, respectively; with concentrations of Fe and Zn lower in adolescents (<0,001). It also showed that 67%, 57% and 14% of these pregnant women were deficient in Fe, Zn and Cu, respectively; without not significant differences between adolescents and adults patients (p> 0,05). Its concluded that exist a high prevalence of deficiencies of trace elements (Zn, Cu and Fe) in patients without associated diseases and apparently healthy at the beginning of her pregnancy(AU)

Concentraciones séricas de zinc en embarazadas preeclámpticas y normotensas / Serum concentrations of zinc in pregnant preeclamptic and normotensive

Objetivo: Comparar las concentraciones séricas de zinc en embarazadas preeclámpticas y normotensas. Métodos: Investigación de tipo correlacional, comparativa y aplicada, con diseño de casos y controles. La cual incluyó a 40 mujeres en el tercer trimestre del embarazo con diagnóstico de preeclampsia y a 40 embarazas normotensas; tanto a los casos como a los controles se les determinó las concentraciones séricas de zinc, mediante la espectrofotometría de absorción atómica. Ambiente: Hospital Materno Infantil “Dr. Raúl Leoni” de Maracaibo. Resultados: Se encontró que las pacientes preeclámpticas presentaban significativamente concentraciones más bajas de zinc que las normotensas (P<0,05), aunque con medias dentro de rangos normales en ambos grupos (76,42±5,29 vs. 80.37±2,7); presentando diferencias altamente significativas en la presión arterial media entre los casos y los controles (P< 0,001). Asimismo, se constató que no existía relación entre las variables presión arterial media y concentraciones séricas de zinc en las preeclámpticas (P> 0,05); mientras que en las normotensas se evidenció una relación significativa e inversamente proporcional (r = - 0,319; P<0,05). Conclusiones: Las embarazadas con preeclampsia presentaban significativamente menores concentraciones séricas de zinc que las normotensas; sin embargo, no existe relación entre la presión arterial media y el zinc.

Objective: To compare serum concentrations of zinc in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant. Methods: We performed a correlational, comparative and applied type research, with a not experimental, case-control, contemporary transactional and field design, which included 40 women in the third trimester of pregnancy with diagnosis pre-eclampsia and 40 normotensive pregnant; both cases as controls were analyzed for serum concentrations of zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Setting: Hospital Materno Infantil “Dr. Raul Leoni” in Maracaibo, Venezuela. Results: We found that preeclamptic patients had significantly lower concentrations of zinc to the normotensive (P <0.05), although average within normal ranges in both groups (76.42 ± 5.29 vs. 80.37 ± 2.7), presenting highly significant differences in mean arterial pressure between cases and controls (P <0.001). Also found no relationship between the variables mean arterial pressure and serum zinc concentrations in preeclamptic (P> 0.05), whereas in the normotensive group showed a significant and inversely proportional relationship (r = - 0.319, P <0.05). Conclusion: Pregnant women with pre-eclampsia had significantly lower serum zinc concentrations than normotensive, but there was no relationship between mean arterial pressure and zinc.

Pica: el síntoma olvidado / Pica: the forgotten symptom

La pica es un síntoma, no una enfermedad, que se manifiestapor la ingesta persistente y compulsiva de sustancias no comestibles como tierra, arcilla, tiza, jabón y materia fecal, o comestibles como hielo (pagofagia), almidón (amilofagia), papa, arroz y café, entre otras, en forma compulsiva y desenfrenada. Las formas más frecuentes de pica son la geofagia o consumo de tierra y la pagofagia o consumo de hielo. Similar a otros síntomas en medicina, como la fiebre y la anemia, la pica es un síntoma multicausal, siendo la deficiencia de hierro y la deficiencia de zinc las asociaciones más frecuentes, en donde el médico, antes que tratarla, debe identificar la causa íntima con la cual está relacionada y corregirla, como esposible en la mayoría de los casos en donde se presenta pica. La pica a pesar de ser un síntoma, de acuerdo con el tipo de pica y la intensidad de ésta, puede causar morbilidad y mortalidad. Dentro de las complicaciones relacionadas con la pica se incluyen los trastornos electrolíticos, la obstrucción y el daño del tracto digestivo por algunos tipos de pica, como la geofagia y la tricofagia, y la pica por objetos tan extraños como los plásticos (plasticofagia) y el velcro (velcrofagia). Su diagnóstico, que solo consiste en interrogar sobre esta práctica a los pacientes o a quienes los cuidan, en el caso de los niños y los pacientes con enfermedad mental, usualmente esignorado durante la atención de los pacientes, muy probablementedebido al desconocimiento por parte del equipo de salud respecto a este trastorno o falta de tiempo en la consulta médica. El objetivo de este módulo es llamar la atención sobre este signo clínico cardinal, de tal manera que a partir de él se puedan identificar desdesus primeras etapas problemas latentes, aun antes de que se manifieste clínicamente la enfermedad de base o las complicaciones con ella asociadas.

Pica is a symptom not a disease, manifested by the persistent and compulsive eating of non-nutritious substances like ice, soil, clay, chalk, soap and stool, or nutritious substances such as ice (pagophagia), starch (amilophagia), potato, rice and coffee,among others, with unrestrained binge. The most common forms of pica are geophagia or soil consumption and pagophagia or ice consumption. Similar to other medical symptoms such as fever and anemia, pica is a symptom caused by multiple factors, being ironand zinc deficiencies the most frequent associations, where the physician, rather than treat it, must identify the intimate cause which is associated with, and correct it, as is possible in most cases of pica.Pica, despite being a symptom, according to the type and intensity, cancause morbidity and mortality. Among the complications associated with pica are electrolyte disorders, obstruction and damage of the digestive tract by some types of pica, such as geophagy and trichophagia, and pica of foreign objects such as plastics and velcro.Its diagnosis, which only consists in questioning this practice to patients or their caregivers, in the case of children and patients with mental illness, is usually ignored in the care of patients, most likely due to ignorance of the health team about this disorder, or lack of time during the medical consultation. The aim of this module is to callattention to this cardinal clinical sign, so that latent problems can be identified early, even before the underlying disease manifests or the complications associated with it.

Efeitos da deficiência de cobre, zinco e magnésio sobre o sistema imune de crianças com desnutrição grave: [revisão] / Effects of copper, zinc and magnesium deficiency on the immune system of severely malnourished children: [review]

OBJETIVO: Esclarecer as repercussões da deficiência de cobre, zinco e magnésio sobre o sistema imune de crianças desnutridas graves. FONTES DE DADOS: Foi realizada revisão bibliográfica mediante consulta às bases de dados Pubmed Medline, Lilacs e SciELO, selecionando-se publicações científicas recentes, da última década, e representativas do tema por meio dos descritores: desnutrição infantil, cobre, zinco, magnésio e sistema imune. SÍNTESE DE DADOS: Os micronutrientes são compostos orgânicos essenciais. Além de sua função regulatória, atuam de maneira decisiva na modulação da resposta imune. Sua deficiência pode ocorrer devido à ingestão inadequada ou associada a doenças específicas. Quando associada à desnutrição, a multideficiência de minerais pode acarretar disfunções imunológicas e aumento na suscetibilidade a infecções, afetando gravemente a eficácia de intervenções terapêuticas. Cobre, zinco e magnésio atuam como cofatores de enzimas responsáveis tanto por diversas atividades metabólicas como na resposta imune inata e adquirida, além do papel importante na maturação dos tecidos e células linfoides. Sua deficiência acarreta neutropenia e linfopenia, comprometendo a imunocompetência. CONCLUSÕES: As alterações ocasionadas pelos déficits séricos dos minerais cobre, zinco e magnésio comprometem o funcionamento do sistema imune, levando à imunossupressão. A reposição desses elementos no manejo da desnutrição grave, como preconizada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, é essencial, uma vez que tais alterações podem ser reversíveis.

OBJECTIVE: To report the effects of the deficiency of copper, zinc and magnesium on the immune system of severely malnourished children. DATA SOURCE: A literature review was performed by consulting the databases Pubmed Medline, Lilacs and SciELO, using the descriptors: child malnutrition, copper, zinc, magnesium and immune system. Representative studies published during the last decade were chosen. DATA SYNTHESIS: Micronutrients are essential organic compounds. Besides their regulatory function, the minerals act on the modulation of the immune response. Their deficiency may be due to inadequate intake or associated with specific diseases. When combined with malnutrition, a multimineral deficiency can cause immune dysfunction and increased susceptibility to infections, altering the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Copper, zinc and magnesium act as co-factors of both enzymes responsible for several metabolic activities and associated to the innate and acquired immune response. These minerals also play an important role in the maturation of lymphoid tissues and cells. Their deficiency causes neutropenia and lymphopenia, decreasing the immunocompetence. CONCLUSIONS: Deficits of serum copper, zinc and magnesium affect the function of the immune system, leading to immunosuppression. The replacement of these elements in the management of severe malnutrition, as recommended by the World Health Organization, is essential, since such changes may be reversible.

Elementos traço e complicações obstétricas na gestação na adolescência / Trace elements and obstetric complications in teenage pregnancy

Minerais estão relacionados com todas as etapas de crescimento e diferenciação celular. Quando a gestação coincide com a adolescência a demanda nutricional necessária para ótimo desenvolvimento e crescimento materno e fetal aumenta consideravelmente. Apesar de existirem muitos estudos sobre as funções destes micronutrientes, pouco se sabe sobre suas atuações no resultado da gestação. Este trabalho objetivou revisar na literatura o papel do cobre, ferro, e zinco no resultado da gestação, em especial de gestantes adolescentes, focando intercorrências como baixo peso ao nascer, partos pré-termo, pré-eclampsia, abortos, dentre outras complicações associadas à gestação na adolescência. Os estudos já realizados são limitados, há a necessidade de promovê-los em países em desenvolvimento, onde a deficiência de micronutrientes e intercorrências possuem altos índices. Os benefícios da suplementação de minerais na redução da prevalência de déficits e na melhora dos estoques maternos têm sido demonstrados, mas dados sobre os benefícios potenciais para o feto são pouco conclusivos.

Minerals are associated with all stages of growth and cellular differentiation. When gestation coincides with adolescence, the nutritional requirements for optimal development of the mother and fetus increase significantly. Although there are many studies on the function of micronutrients, little is known about their influence on pregnancy outcome. This work aimed to review studies that investigated the influence of copper, iron and zinc on pregnancy outcome, especially in teenagers, focusing on intercurrences such as low birth weight, preterm births, pre-eclampsia, miscarriages and other complications associated with teenage pregnancy. There are only a few studies on this topic and a need to promote them in developing countries, where high rates of micronutrient deficiencies and intercurrences are common. The efficacy of mineral supplementation in reducing deficiency rates and improving maternal reserves has been demonstrated but data on potential benefits for the fetus are not very conclusive.

El zinc en la salud humana -1 / Zinc in human health - I

Zinc Is a divalent cation with multiple functions In the human body. Zinc absorption occurs In the small Intestine and, together with zinc excretion via feces, is the point of control for zinc homeostasis. Zinc Is an essential nutrient with a specific role In more than 300 enzymes, which participate In all Important biochemical reactions of the human body. Therefore, zinc status has a direct effect In growth, neurological and behavioral development and In the Immune system. The diagnosis of zinc deficiency In Individuals Is difficult given that there Is still no Indicator with adequate sensitivity. Nevertheless, It Is acceptable to use serum zinc to evaluate populations. Finally, Intervention strategies such as supplementation, food fortification and/or dietary modification can be used to control and/or prevent zinc deficiency.

El zinc es un catión divalente con múltiples funciones en el cuerpo humano. La absorción de zinc ocurre en el intestino delgado y es junto con la excreción de zinc vía heces, los puntos de control de la homeostasis de zinc. El zinc es un nutriente esencial con un rol específico en más de 300 enzimas, las cuales participan en todas las reacciones bioquímicas importantes del cuerpo humano. Por ende, el estado de zinc tiene un efecto directo en el crecimiento, el desarrollo neurológico y de comportamiento y en el sistema inmune. El diagnóstico de deficiencia de zinc en individuos no es posible pues aun no existe un marcador lo suficientemente sensible. Sin embargo, el zinc sérico es aceptable para evaluar a poblaciones. Finalmente, se pueden usar las estrategias de suplementación, fortificación y/o modificación alimentaria para controlar y/o prevenir la deficiencia de zinc.

El zinc en la salud humana - II / Zinc in human health - II

Zinc is a divalent cation with multiple functions in the human body. Zinc absorption occurs in the small intestine and is, together with its excretion via faeces, the point of control for zinc homeostasis. Zinc is an essential nutrient with a specific role in more than 300 enzymes, which participate in all important biochemical reactions of the human body. Therefore, zinc status has a direct effect in growth, neurological and behavioral development and in the immune system. The diagnosis of zinc deficiency in individuals is not yet possible given that there still is no indicator with adequate sensitivity. Nevertheless, it is acceptable to use serum zinc levels to evaluate populations. Finally, intervention strategies such as supplementation, food fortification and/or dietary modification can be used to control and/or prevent zinc deficiency.

El zinc es un catión divalente con múltiples funciones en el cuerpo humano. La absorción de zinc ocurre en el intestino delgado y es junto con la excreción de zinc por las heces, uno de los dos puntos de control de la homeostasis de zinc. El zinc es un nutriente esencial con un rol específico en más de 300 enzimas, las cuales participan en todas las reacciones bioquímicas importantes del cuerpo humano. Por ende, el estado de la nutrición de zinc tiene un efecto directo en el crecimiento, el desarrollo neurológico y de comportamiento y en el sistema inmune. El diagnóstico de deficiencia de zinc en seres humanos no es posible pues aun no existe un marcador lo suficientemente sensible. Sin embargo, el zinc sérico es aceptable para evaluar poblaciones. Finalmente, se pueden usar las estrategias de suplementación, fortificación y/o modificación alimentaria para controlar y/o prevenir la deficiencia de este elemento.

Zinc y cobre séricos y la relación zinc/cobre en un grupo de niños del sur de Valencia, Venezuela / Zinc and copper in serum and zinc/copper ratio in a group of children from South Valencia, Venezuela

Se estudiaron las concentraciones séricas de zinc (Zn) y cobre (Cu), y la relación zinc/cobre (Zn/Cu) en 82 niños aparentemente sanos de 4 a 14 años de la ciudad de Valencia, Venezuela. Las concentraciones de Zn y Cu se determinaron por espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y el estado nutricional con los índices Peso/Talla, Talla/Edad e Índice de Masa Corporal. Los resultados de Zn (μg/dL), Cu (μg/dL) y la relación Zn/Cu fueron expresados en media±desviación estándar: (84,2±15,9), (125,4±24,8) y (0,69±0,18) respectivamente, sin diferencia significativa entre niños y niñas. La concentración de Cu correlacionó significativamente con la edad, siendo más baja en los niños mayores. La hipozincemia fue de 15,9% siendo las niñas (18,6%) más afectadas que los niños (13,2%) y por grupos de edad, los =11 años presentaron la mayor hipozincemia (22,2%). No se encontró hipocupremia. No hubo asociación entre las concentraciones de Zn, Cu y la relación Zn/Cu con el estado nutricional. Los resultados encontrados difieren de los hallados en otras investigaciones y la hipozincemia afectó más a las niñas y a los niños de mayor edad, mientras que no hubo hipocupremia en la muestra evaluada ni asociación entre las concentraciones de Zn, Cu y la relación Zn/Cu con el estado nutricional.

Sera levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and the ratlo zlnc/copper (Zn/Cu) were analyzed In 82 apparently healthy chlloren between 4 and 14 years of age from Valencia Clty Venezuela. The Zn (μg/dL) and Cu (μg/dL) were determlned by fíame atomic absorption spectrometry and the nutritional state was evaluated wlth Welght/Helght, Helght/Age and Body Mass index. Zn, Cu and the Zn/Cu were (Deflned by average±standard devlatlon): (84.2±15.9), (125.4 ± 24.8) and (0.69±0.18) respectlvely There was no significant diffference by gender. There was inverse and significant correlation between Cu and age. Zn deficiencies were 15.9%, and they were hígher in girls (18.6%) than in boys (13.2%). Children =11 years of age had 22.2% Zn deficiencies. There were no Cu deficiencies. No significant association was found between Zn, Cu, Zn/Cu and the nutrítíonai state. Zn, Cu ana Zn/Cu were different from those found in other investigations and hipozincemia in children affected mostiy femaies and those of oider age.

Acrodermatitis enteropática adquirida: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Acquired acrodermatitis enteropathica: case report and review of the literature

La acrodermatitis enteropática es un raro trastorno producido por la deficiencia de cinc, que puede ser heredada o adquirida. Se caracteriza por la presencia de lesiones en la piel distribuidas en zonas distales o alrededor de orificios, alopecia y diarrea. Reportamos un paciente de 19 meses con lesiones tópicas, confirmadas, con un nivel sérico de cinc 13,3 ¦Ìg/dl. El paciente recibió 1 mg diario de sulfato de cinc oral y dieta rica en cinc con notable mejoría. A continuación se presenta una revisión de la literatura.